Improvement to Palmer's endless self-computing scale and key : adapting it to the different professions, with examples and illustrations for each profession, and also to colleges, academies and schools : with a time telegraph making, by uniting the two, a computing telegraph / by John E. Fuller.

  • Fuller, John E. (John Emery), 1799-1878.
Date:
1851
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Improvement to Palmer's endless self-computing scale and key : adapting it to the different professions, with examples and illustrations for each profession, and also to colleges, academies and schools : with a time telegraph making, by uniting the two, a computing telegraph / by John E. Fuller. Source: Wellcome Collection.

Provider: This material has been provided by the National Library of Medicine (U.S.), through the Medical Heritage Library. The original may be consulted at the National Library of Medicine (U.S.)

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    61 By the usual mode of calculation (viz., 33,000 lbs. lifted one foot high per minute), it would appear that there was, in tins case, friction to the extent of 13 per cent. 4th. A similar set of three-throw pumps, 6 inches in diameter, pumping 160 barrels per hour, to a height of 140 feet,=6.2 horses. By the same mode of calculation as before, there was here friction to the amount of 15 per cent. 5th. A set of three-throw pumps, 5 inches in di- ameter, raising 80 barrels per hour, to a height of 54 feet,=l horse. By calculation as before, the friction amounted to 12 1-2 per cent. 6th. A set of three-throw starting pumps, pump- ing 2.10 barrels of beer per hour, to a height of 48 feet, =4.87 horses. By calculation as before, the friction amounted to 15 1-2 per cent. 7th. Two pair of iron rollers and an elevator, grinding and raising 40 quarters of malt per hour=8.5 horses. 8th. An ale-mashing machine, made by Haigh, of Dublin ; mashing at the time, 100 quarters of malt,= 5.69 horses. 9th. Two porter-mashing machines, made by More- land, mashing at the time, 250 quarters of malt,=10.8 horses. 63 Loatoy cooling in the cylinder and pipes .... 0-160 Loss by friction of the piston and waste - - . . 1-250 Force required to expel the steam through the passages - 0-070 Force required to open and close the valves, raise the injection water, and overcome the friction of the axes - - . 0630 Loss by the steam being cut off be- fore the end of the stroke - 1-000 Power required to work the air-pump 0-500 Amount of deductions Effective pressure 3-680 6-320 Pressure and Density of Steam. The following formula has been given by Mr. Wm. Pole for calculating the pressure and density of steam for engines working expansively, which is stated to produce a very near approximation to the truth; the mean error being only .0062 lb. per square inch : Let P be the total pressure of the steam in lbs. per square inch, and V its relative volume, compared with that of its constituent water. 24250 24250 Then P = , or V = plus 65. V-65 P 65 To prevent Incrustation in boilers.—The intioduc- tion of potatoes andother vegetable substances will, in a great degree, prevent incrustation on the bottom and sides of a steam boiler, and animal substances, such as refuse skins, will accomplish it still more effect- ually. Iron Cement for joining the Flanches of Iron Pipes, (fc—Take of Sal Ammoniac, 2 ounces; Flowers of Sulphur, 1 ounce; clean cast-iron Borings or Filings, 16 ounces : mix them well in a mortar, and keep them dry. When required for use, take one part of this powder, and twenty parts of clean iron borings or fil- ings, mix them thoroughly in a mortar, make the mix- ture into a stiff paste with a little water, and apply it between the joints, and screw them together. A little fine grindstone sand added, improves the cement. A mixture of white paint with red lead, spread on can- vas or woollen, and placed between the joints, is best adapted for joints that require to be often separated. For Copper, a cement is used, composed of powder- ed quick lime, mixed to a proper consistence witt serum of blood, or white of egg—and used immediate ly it is made. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. Power is compounded of the weight and expansive font, of a moving body multiplied into its velocity. The power of a body which weighs 40 lbs., and 63 10th. 95 feci oi horizontal Archimedes screw, 15 inches diameter, and an elevator, conveying 40 quar- ters of malt per hour, to a height of 65 feet,=3.13 horses. Mr. Tredgold's Estimate of the Distribution and Expen- diture of the Steam in an Engine. IN A NON-CONDENSING ENGINE. Let the pressure on the boiler be 10 000 Force required to produce motion of the steam in the cylinder will be 0-069 Loss by cooling in the cylinder and pipes 0-160 Loss by friction of piston and waste 2-000 Force required to expel the steam into the atmosphere - - 0-069 Force expended in opening the val vs, and Iriction of the variousparts 0-622 Loss by the steam being cutoff be- fore the end of the stroke - 1-000 Amount of deductions 3-920 Effective pressure - 6-080 IN A CONDENSING ENGINE. Let the pressure on the boiler be 10-000 Force lequired to produce motion of the steam in the cylinder - 0-070 64 This formula is applicable, with little risk of error, to engines working with from 5 lbs. to 65 lbs. per square inch. TABLE Of the Pressure on a square and circular Inch, respec- tively, excited by the elasticforce of Steam at various degrees of Temperature, with the Height of the col- umn of Mercury it will support. 1. Pressure on a square Inch. a. Pressure on a circular Inch If- l|s Propor. pressure on Inches of Mercury lis- Propor. Incheso' Mer un- r-~ i<5|| inch in lbs. support- ed. \fiz *i! a circular inch in lbs. support- ed 220 21 1.963 5.15 222 2i 3.183 6.56 222 3 2.356 6.18 224 3 3.819 7.87 223 3i 2.719 7.21 226 H 4.456 T 1? 225 4 3.111 8.24 228 4 5.093 La 227 4i 3.534 9.27 230 41 5.729 1.1 223 5 3.927 10.3 232 5 6.366 13.1 230 51 4.320 11.3 234 5J 7.002 14.4 231 6 4.712 12.3 236 6 7.639 15.7 233 6J 5.105 13.4 236 61 8.276 17.0 234 7 5.498 14.4 238 7 8.912 18.3 235 5.890 15.4 239 71 9.549 19.7 236 8 6.283 16.5 241 8 10.18 21.0 237 84 6.C76 17.5 242 81 10.82 22.3 239 9 7.068 18.5 244 9 11.45 23.6 240 91 7.461 19.6 245 91 12.09 24.9 241 10 7.854 20.6 247 10 12.73 26.2 242 101 B.2 17 21.6 248 101 13.36 27.5 243 11 8.639 22.6 250 11 14.00 28.9 244 Hi 9.032 23.7 251 HI 14.64 30.1 245 12 9.424 24.7 252 12 15.27 31.5 252 15 11.78 30.9 259 15 19.09 39.3 2G1 20 15.71 41.2 270 20 25.46 52.5 260 35 19.63 51.5 278 25 31.83 65.6 276 30 23.56 61.8 287 30 38.19 78.7 283 35 27.49 72.1 294 35 44.56 91.8 289 40 31.41 82.4 300 40 50.92 105 294 45 35.3 l 92.7 305 45 57.20 118 300 50 39.27 103 309 50 63 66 131 66 moves with the velocity of 50 feet in a second, is the same as that of another body which weighs 80 lbs., and moves with the velocity of 25 feet in a second ; for the products of the respective weights and veloci- ties are the same. 40 multiplied by 50-200 ; and 80 by 25-2000 Power cannot, be increased by meclianical means. Power is applied to mechanical purposes by the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and the screw, which are the simple elements of all machines. The whole theory of these elements consists simply, in causing the weight which is to be raised, to pass through a greater or a less space than the power which raises it; for, as power is compounded of the weight or mass of a moving body multiplied into its velocity, a weight passing through a certain space may be made to raise, through a less space, a weight heavier than itself. Power is gained at the expense of space, by the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw. LEVEE. Case 1.— When the fulcrum of Ik- lever is between the power and the weight. Rule.—Divide the weight to be raised by the pow- er to be applied ; the quotient will give the difference