The doctor at home and nurse's guidebook / edited by George Black.

Date:
1909
Catalogue details

Licence: In copyright

Credit: The doctor at home and nurse's guidebook / edited by George Black. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    631/684 (page 579)
    the average is 1*020, pure water be- ing taken as i*ooo ; but this will vary with the time of day and the amount of liquid food absorbed into the system. The quantity of urine passed during the twenty-four hours varies a good deal, but on an aver- age may be estimated at forty to fifty ounces. An average healthy man excretes about fifty ounces, or | 24,000 grains of water in a day. URINE, COMPOSITION OF In this are dissolved 500 grains of urea and from ten to twelve grains of uric acid. The following table shows the composition of healthy urine :— urine is constantly shifting and even with healthy persons there are con- tinual changes in the colour and quantity of that daily passed. The normal colour is like light amber, or wheat straw, and the normal daily quantity from thirty to fifty ounces. It is always somewhat acid in health and will turn blue litmus paper red ; it is most acid jmst before eating and less so during the process of digestion. It has a peculiar odour and saline taste. The conditions of its excretion vary :— With age, in children the quantity in proportion to the weight of the body is nearly twice as great as in adults. Water N CO (/> <D +-> a a *—• O to Organic matters, 2979 Inorganic 13-35 Urea Uric acid . Alcoholic extract Watery extract . '‘Vesical mucus • /Chloride of sodium I Phosphoric acid . matters, J Sulphuric acid . S Lime I Magnesia . 1 Potash ''Soda • 956-80 14*23 o*37 12*53 2*50 016 722 2-12 1*70 0*21 0*12 1*93 005 In 100 parts of solid matter 33 00 o-86 2903 5-80 o*37 1673 4-91 394 o*49 0*28 4’47 012 In addition, the urine contains carbonic acid, oxygen and nitrogen in a gaseous form, but very small quantities of the two latter. Urea is a nitrogenous product and nearly all the nitrogen which daily enters the blood in such food as the proteid compounds passes off in the urine after being used up in the system, v An animal diet increases the amount of urea and a vegetarian diet dimin- ishes it. URINE, CONDITIONS OF Through the kidneys, with the urine, are drained away many of the impurities of the blood and any excess of its watery ingredients. The chemical composition of the With sex, the quantity is some- what more in females than males. With season, less is passed in warm, dry weather than at other times, for the reason that perspira- tion is profuse and urea passes off by the skin. With time of the day, it is more deeply coloured in the early morn- ing, paler during the forenoon and deeper again in the afternoon and evening. With differences in food and drink, many vegetables, acid fruits, liquids, etc., increase the quantity and produce other changes. With violent exercise, it under- goes certain chemical changes. With mental exertion or emotion,